Repetition in Waiting for Godot Essay

â€Å"I can’t go on like this†, with this last phrase Waiting for Godot ends. Although it might not seem a lot by itself, when reading the whole play it is possibly to understand about what is the character of Estragon talking about. He and Vladimir have been waiting for a person called Godot to come and meet them, and as the first act of the play shows they have been waiting for a while and they pretend to keep waiting for him, even if he does not shows up for days. This play is strongly based in the repetition of their routine and patterns of each one of them. A sign of repetition is that every time Estragon tells Vladimir that he wants to go, the latest has to remind him that they can’t because they are waiting for Godot and Estragon’s answer is always â€Å"Ah! †, this happens four or five times. Estragon also goes back to the idea of committing suicide in the tree that is near them a few times and Vladimir has to explain to him why they cannot do it. Both acts also start in a similar way. Estragon is already in the stage, whereas Vladimir is just getting there and they are both glad to finally be reunited. In both occasions they have the same conversation about where did Estragon spend the night and they also talk about the fact that some people hit Estragon during the night and they do not know who they were. They also talk about what they did the day before. Both times Vladimir remembers that they were in the same place waiting for Godot, but Estragon does not. Repetition is also found in little details like the nicknames that both have to each other. Vladimir is called Didi and Estragon is called Gogo. Both of the nicknames consist on the repetition of the same syllable. During the second act it is possible to clearly see the way in which Vladimir and Estragon live in a repetitive way â€Å"Estragon takes Vladimir’s hat. Vladimir adjusts Lucky’s hat on his head. Estragon puts on Vladimir’s hat in place of his own which he hands to Vladimir. Vladimir takes Estragon’s hat. Estragon adjusts Vladimir’s hat on his head. Vladimir puts on Estragon’s hat in place of Lucky’s which he hands to Estragon. Estragon takes Lucky’s hat. Vladimir adjusts Estragon’s hat on his head. Estragon puts on Lucky’s hat in place of Vladimir’s which he hands to Vladimir (†¦)† (Beckett 67) They keep this routine a couple of more times. Is a representation of what they have been doing for a couple of days. They are in a circle and although this situation has an end, it does not seem that their waiting is going to end any time soon. They are living in a circle. Although different things happen to them during the different days in which they wait, overall they act in a similar way. Always waiting; always fighting, missing each other and reuniting; always thinking about what to do next; always thinking about what are they going to do tomorrow.

Does Kenya Get the Full Benefit From its Tourist Industry?

My coursework task is to write a report about Kenya to show that I have studied Kenya and its tourist industry and can make a judgement about how much Kenya benefits from the tourists that visit the country. Kenya is an equatorial country located on the east side of the continent of Africa bordering Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and the Indian Ocean. Kenya is also bordered by Lake Victoria in the west. Kenya lies between 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½N and 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½S and covers an area of 582,646Kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Kenya has an extremely diverse relief with a low coastal plain spanning 536km, inland plateaux regions and multiple mountain ranges and isolated peaks. Tourism has become the most important part of Kenya's economy accounting for 38% of industry in the developing country. Kenya's main tourist attractions are the many game parks across the country, including the popular Massai Mara reserve and the more exclusive Tsavo National Park. Kenya also offers Golden beaches and 5-star hotels along its 536km of coastline. The map below shows the location of Kenya within Africa, Important tourist destinations, Major Game reserves and relief. Map of Kenya and the Surrounding Countries Kenya lies on the equator but the annual rainfall is unusually low and varies from year to year. This is due to the seasonal winds blowing the intertropical cloud and rain relatively quickly across Kenya in April and October and the Monsoons taking a track parallel to the coast and passing over large areas of land before reaching Kenya. You would expect the temperature in Kenya to be constantly high as it is an equatorial and so the sunlight hits the earth vertically and with more concentration than at latitudes away from the equator all year round, but the average temperatures in Kenya are relatively low compared to other equatorial African countries due to the variation in altitude. Only the low lying coastal areas of Kenya experience constant high temperature associated with equatorial locations. There are two rainy seasons; March – May and November – December and two dry seasons in between. The country's climate can be divided into four regions: Coastal region The temperature and humidity stay relatively high all year round but the offshore wind and the long days make the area bearable. It receives some rain all year round mostly in the small hours of the morning. The Northern Frontier and Lower Inland Plateau This section of the country experiences a low annual rainfall considering its equatorial location (usually below 500mm). The temperatures are high throughout the year and the humidity low. The Kenya Highlands This region to the west of the country is the most agriculturally productive land in the country. As Kenya is a developing country with a huge slice of its industry being primary the region is also the most densely populated. Kenya's Double rainy season does feature in the region but rainfall is moderate and exceeds 1250mm only on the highest parts of the area. The region experiences its lowest temperatures from June to September, the nights being described as â€Å"chilly†. The Higher Mountain Regions These areas are above 2500m and are small. Temperatures fall low enough for frost to form and some snow to fall. Mt Kenya has a permanent snow cap. Kenya receives two rainy seasons because of the tilt of the earth when orbiting the sun. The following diagram illustrates this: The tropic of Capricorn is closest to the sun. It becomes warmed by the sun. During the day more water evaporates causing clouds to form bringing rain. 231/2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½South Tropic of Capricorn The earth spins on its axis, the angle at which it faces the sun changes gradually tilting towards the equator this then warms the equator 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Equator – Kenya This tilt increases until it reaches 231/2 N where the tropic of cancer is warmed. 231/2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½North Tropic of Cancer The whole process is reversed tilting back to the tropic of Capricorn via the equator. The full tilt and reverse tilt of the earth's axis takes a year. This is why Kenya has two rainy seasons due to the position of the overhead sun. * Sunlight The two Climate graphs above show the climate of Mombassa, Kenya and London, England for comparison. The Graph of Mombassa shows the two rainy seasons. The graphs also indicate a main reason why tourists visit Kenya. The lowest temperature Mombassa endures is 24à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, higher than the highest temperature London endures. The Hottest times of the year in Mombassa coincide with the coldest time of the year in London. This is one of the major reasons tourists visit Kenya. Because the country has two rainy seasons it also has two grazing seasons. The Savannah ecosystem means that more species can live in harmony together. Darwin's â€Å"survival of the fittest† theory states that when two species are in direct competition the best evolved will survive, the reason the Savannah can support so many animals is that all the animals have a â€Å"niche† and so are not all in direct competition. Some species are Grazers, some are browsers etc. This is called Grazing succession; the grazing succession ensures that every opportunity to use the supply of food is taken. It is a similar pattern for Carnivores; Lions make a kill but leave plenty of food for spotted Hyenas and again for the vultures. Each specie waits in turn to be fed. The following diagram is an example of Grazing succession: The Savannah is famed for the diversity of species of large animals that live there. There are near forty different types of herbivores, plus the carnivores, this is a simple food web of part of the savannah ecosystem: The Savannah and the balance of the ecosystem is important to Kenya's Tourist Industry as it provides the main incentive for tourists to holiday there. It is important that the Industry does all it can to preserve the delicate balance. The following table is a selection of the people who are involved with Kenya's tourist industry. It helps sum up their views and why they hold that view. It also helps me conclude which direction the people involved in Kenya's tourist industry wish it to go. Person Group(s) of people they represent What view they hold about tourism In Kenya Why they hold their view A European Tourist Tourists Tourism is good for Kenya but only when it is controlled It is their lifelong dream to go on safari and think that it's excellent to see all the animals in their natural habitat. But they have reservations about how much the tourists are damaging the animal's natural habitat. A Kenyan Maasai Maasai tribe Against mass tourism The Maasai people have been ejected from their homeland to make way for the tourists. They are no longer allowed to live in the game park. The tribe is no longer allowed to migrate around the country. Muslim from Mombassa The Muslim community of Mombassa Against tourism Induces changes to there culture and insults their religious followings. I.e. western women show their bodies. Tourists bring with them alcohol, drugs and sex tourism. Mombassa has therefore found a rise in crime and social unbalance as young black men marry older white women and immigrate to Europe. Muslim from Lamu The Muslim community of Lamu For sustainable tourism Lamu has restrictions on the way tourists dress and behave. There are no bars in Lamu and there are restrictions on the size and design of hotels. E.g. they have to be white and made of local materials. The Muslim community also work closely with travel agents and a certain amount of the price tourists pay towards there holiday goes back into the community and maintenance of the town. A Marine Biologist Conservationists Against tourism as it is now Tour guides don't do enough to prevent the destruction of the coral. They let tourists stand on the coral and even drop their anchors (which is illegal but the law is not enforced) because of the bigger tips on offer. This means the coral reef becomes unbalanced and slowly dies and therefore no more tourists will want to go and see the reef. Laws should be enforced to save the reef and any future tourism. Owner of Glass Bottom Boat Tour guides For and against Gets a major income from taking tourists out in their boat. The marine park is swamped by boats at low tide which means there are lots of pollutants are going into the reef. The boats also collide into the reef and their customers also stand on the reef. Game Warden Conservationists Against tourism as it is Tour bus drivers in the Maasai Mara reserve go far too close to the animals. There is a rule that they can't go closer than 25m to animal but they disobey this rule for better tips. There are too many tourist busses for him to police. The animals suffer and reproduction rates have dropped rapidly. Most of the above groups are for tourism in one way or another. It seems that they all would like to have a sustainable tourist industry where the needs of the tourists aren't put above that of the local population and the natural habitat. Sustainable tourism would also prolong the life of the tourist destinations thus providing an income for many generations of Kenyans. So, Does Kenya get the full benefit from its tourist industry? Kenya is a developing country. I can see that it is a developing country by using development indicators. These include; GNP (Gross National Product), jobs, Trade, population, health and education. Most Kenyans are employed in the primary sector; relatively few are involved in secondary or tertiary industry apart from tourism. This is shown in the pie chat below: This is one indicator that Kenya is developing. Another indicator is that most of Kenya's exports are raw materials (Shown in the chart below), this shows that the country is developing compared to a developed country like the United Kingdom whose exports are mainly manufactured goods and services. Kenya also has a high birth rate, infant mortality rate and a low literacy rate, all of which are indicators of a developing country. Possibly the Best way to judge whether a country is developing is by looking at its GNP (Gross National Product). The table below shows that Kenya is still developing as a county because it shows 83% of the countries in the world to have a higher GNP than that of Kenya. Compared with a Developed country such as the United Kingdom (GNP- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18700) and even with man African counties Kenya has a long way to go before it can call itself a developed country. Table 8. Kenya: GNP (Gross National Product) Countries in the world with higher GNP than Kenya 83% Countries in the world with same GNP as Kenya 2.5% Countries in the world with lower GNP than Kenya 14.5% Countries in Africa with higher GNP than Kenya 52% Countries in Africa with same GNP as Kenya 10.5% Countries in Africa with lower GNP than Kenya 37.5% Kenya's GNP per person (1995) = US $280 Kenya needs to continue to develop tourism as it will bring more money into the country so it can start providing better health services and education services for its population. Tourism is seen as a good way to continue developing a country. The table printed below shows employment in the hotel industry. General Managers in hotels are mainly Non-African. This means that a lot of money is not going to Kenyan employees and therefore doesn't go back into the community. This also true with some Hotel profits going to multinational companies based in developed countries. This means the profits of the tourist trade done by these multinational giants aren't going back into Kenya. However I feel that if Kenya continues to develop it will start to produce graduates capable of filling higher positions in the tourist industry, therefore bringing more money back into Kenya's economy. At the present time Kenya has developed tourism in the inland game and safari parks and along the shores of the Indian Ocean. The development along the coast is mainly luxury hotels, new developments that have sprung up especially for the tourists. Most of the Game parks have gone this way too with 5-star lodges etc. there are only a few exceptions, Tsavo Safari park is one of them with the emphasis on preserving the land and protecting it from the potential devastation tourism can bring. Most Kenyans benefit from tourism in Kenya, mainly the people who work directly with the tourists or derive their incomes from the industry, for example hotel owners, tour guides and safari park operators, But also the whole of Kenya can potentially benefit from tourism if the money spent by tourists in Kenya is put back into the community in the form of hospitals and schools. The groups of people who are affected in a negative way by tourism are mainly those whose ways of life are changed or oppressed by the tourists. For example the Muslim community of Mombassa. They feel that the tourists don't respect their way of life and their religious followings. Personally I feel that Kenya is feeling the full benefit from tourism as they see a huge amount of people now holidaying in Kenya. However I do feel that the Kenyan tourist board needs to do more to work towards maintaining a sustainable tourist industry if it wishes to continue to feel the full benefit. The Kenyan authorities should take note of example like Tsavo National Park and Lamu where sustainable tourism is already operating. In these areas special care is taken not to damage the environment. For example in Tsavo the accommodation is Temporary and so can be moved about so the land receives equal wear. The tour guides also operate under strict rules when approaching animals and taking paths along the park. In Lamu a levee is placed on all tourist payments to go back into the town to maintain the local way of life and therefore the tourist attraction itself. The tourists also are encouraged to abide by the Muslim dress rules when going out and there is no alcohol available in accordance with their religion. If the Whole of the Kenyan Industry adopted policies similar to this it would preserve the tourist attractions for generations of Kenyans and would most probably attract more tourists, as the people who go to Kenya like to experience local culture and animals in their natural habitat, rather than it feel manufactured to their needs. Kenya will also further its economical development by operating this scheme as it will ensure a higher percentage of income from the tourist trade staying in the country.

Therapeutic Communication

Therapeutic Communication- Nurse Relationships as Part of a Team Abstract The scenario in which I will discuss within my paper consists of an LPN student and a preceptor working a busy 12 hour shift on their acute care practicum. Both Patty (student) and Mary Lou (preceptor) worked very hard one evening and had not had a break when a patient requested some pain medication. They discussed their options with regards to pain management and later Patty administered Morphine 7. 5 mg SC into injector port in Mr B’s leg. At the end of the shift it was noted during a narcotic count that there had been an error with Morphine.Patty had given the wrong amount as per order. Therapeutic Communication- Nurse Relationships as Part of a Team Before Mary Lou can organize a meeting with Patty the LPN student, she must first ensure the safety of the patient as paramount. Then she must decide the best way to approach Patty, an appropriate location to interview, the factors to consider while inter viewing and the communication skills that would benefit their interview. Also she needs to determine whether anybody else should be involved. After careful consideration and all the facts gathered, Mary Lou calls Patty in for a interview.Discussion Mary Lou decided to call a meeting in a neutral setting that would be non- confrontational and non-threaten to Patty. A place they could sit comfortably across from each other and make eye contact. It is important for Mary Lou not to attach blame and her approach will include sensitivity and respect, after all Patty is a student and still quite vulnerable. Mary Lou wants to make it clear an error has been made and that it needs to be addressed, rectified and reported without demoralizing or belittling Patty. The methods by which it is reported or addressed should be thoughtful, maintain confidentiality, and be directed toward the appropriate person, agency, or regulatory body. † ( Burkhardt, Nathaniel, Walton, 2010, p 200) Some fact ors Mary Lou considers while interviewing Patty are any possible underlying reasons for the error: what happened. It is important for Patty to comfortably clarify in her own words and for Mary Lou to actively listen to the accounts of the day. This helps both parties understand completely where the error might have occurred and they can take steps to avoid a reoccurrence.While Mary Lou realizes Patty ultimately administered the wrong dose of medication, it is very important that Mary Lou states her role as preceptor and her accountability in the incident. The Canadian Nurses Association notes in its Code of Ethics that as a part of being accountable, ( Burkhardt, Nathaniel, Walton, 2010, p 200) â€Å" Nurses share their knowledge and provide feedback, mentorship and guidance for the professional development of nursing students, novice nurses and other health care team members. (CNA, 2008, p18) Mary Lou also offers empathy as she was once a nursing student as well and while we striv e for perfection, human error can not always be avoided. The last issue to be considered and implemented is if anybody else needed to be involved? Mary Lou decided as long as they clearly identified the issue at hand and recognized they both had an ethical and professional responsibility to report the incident and rectify their shortfalls as student and preceptor, no other entity need to be involved. ConclusionIn conclusion I think Mary Lou did an excellent job of identifying and addressing the issue of medication error ensuring dignity and respect to Patty. Mary Lou showed empathy and understanding while focusing on responsibilities of both parties to be more accountable in their daily care of patients, which at the end of the day is their main goal. One area of improvement that I noticed of Mary Lou after viewing the recording was she could have offered more open ended questions and let Patty express herself more. While I did feel Mary Lou actively listened to Patty, the opportuni ty for Patty to give feedback was not fully utilized.Over all I found this to be an interesting experience on therapeutic communication that I enjoyed completing. References Arnold, E. C. & Boggs, K. U. (2011) Interpersonal relationships: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses, sixth edition (6th ed. ). St Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders Burkhardt, M. , Nathaniel, A. , Walton, N. (2010) Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing (1st ed. ) Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd Canadian Nurses Association (2008) Code of Ethics for Registered nurses. Author If you need to type anything after the reference list then start it on this page

The Issue of Animal Rights In the Modern World Essay

The Issue of Animal Rights In the Modern World - Essay Example This essay stresses that the man has a high intellect and capacity for reflective activity that cannot be observed in animals. However, this representation is associated with a conflicting situation. Let us imagine a mentally ill person or a person who suffers from mental retardation. In fact, they are not much different from animals because they lack the ability to think properly. This paper makes a conclusion that the analysis of the problem of equality around the world allows one to see that equality is seen only as the equality between people. However, this notion of equality is not fair. Animals also have their moral rights, because they are able to suffer like humans. The capacity for suffering is the foundation that makes it possible to take into account the moral rights of animals. Intelligent differences between humans and animals are not a valid reason to deny the moral rights of animals. Otherwise, people who have problems with mental activity should be deprived of their moral rights, but this is not happening. Fair equality is the equality that takes into account the interests of not only people but also animals. Animals, in turn, have a moral right to protection of their life and the creation of decent conditions for its existence. If human society wants to be called a fair society, it is necessary to strive for a just equality. Cruelty to animals that are seen as soulless machines is a road to nowhere.

Method of Calculating the Net Cash Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Method of Calculating the Net Cash - Essay Example The essay "Method of Calculating the Net Cash" talks about two companies - Ford Motor Company and General Motors which are found to be using the indirect method for calculating net cash being generated from their respective operating activities. Justifiably, it has been evident from the proforma of the cash flow statement that both the companies considered net income, instead of sales and revenue, to be the main element for determining the cash amount generating particularly from the operating actions, which related to the above discussed indirect method of computation.The most significant item in the financing section of both the selected companies is identified to be a dividend paid (cash), as they are bound to pay dividends to its shareholders for encouraging them to make further investments. The net cash provided by the operating activities of Ford reveals increasing trend within the last 3 years, as can be observed from the statement that the net cash in the year 2012 generated an amount of $9,045 million, which increased to $10,444 million by the year 2013 and $14,507 million in the year 2014. On the other hand, in the case of General Motors, a fluctuating trend in net cash provided by operating activities can be apparently noted. Justifiably, as per the statement, it has been recorded that the net cash has been decreased in terms of change during the period of 2012-2013, which stood at $1.4 billion, as compared to that of the period 2013-2014 that accounted to $0.9 billion.

Cultural Diversity and Globalization Case Study - 4

Cultural Diversity and Globalization - Case Study Example Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be used to explain the cultural differences between the two countries. These differences are very important as they are the main cause why Euro Disneyland failed despite its huge name and publicity. The dimensions of culture are very well known in organizational behavior and sociology. They include power distance, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity (Kwintessential, 2010).The first dimension is power distance. It is defined as the extent of belief in the inequality or equality of distribution of power in the society. The countries that have high power distance exhibit acceptance with regards to the inequalities of people. In these countries, people conform to the powerful and follow orders. Countries like China, Mexico and India. In these countries, we can witness disparity in incomes and power. The countries that have low power distance exhibit equality. In these countries, power is equally distributed in the society. The United States of America, Austria and Norway have low power distance. We can see less disparity of incomes and power in these countries.France has a relatively high power distance than the United States of America. This means that people of France accept, to a certain extent, inequality of power. For this reason, Euro Disneyland should have special rights for people in France and ‘rules are for all’ strategy is not appropriate for France. The second dimension is individualism. Countries that have high individualism, people there care about themselves and family only. Low individualistic or collectivist countries have people that care about the extended family and the whole clan. These countries lack personal initiative and people are dependent on family. The United States of America is a highly individualistic country. Personal values of the people are strong. France is relatively less individualistic and people still care about their families. The degree of individualism is less in France than in the United States of America where people have relatively strong family values.

WAN Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WAN Technology - Research Paper Example Moreover, like any business ABC Inc cannot afford problems with the network connectivity due to low reliability since it would affect the customers and the business directly. Given the constraints on security and reliability there is little doubt that the solution for ABC Inc is a private WAN connection. A dedicated private WAN would cost ABC Inc far more than using packet switched connectivity. It is common for multiple businesses to be using the same private WAN with packed switched connectivity since it affords the amount of reliability and security needed by businesses without entailing the extra cost of a dedicated private WAN (O’Brien & Marakas, 2009). Moreover, it is highly likely that the private WAN used by ABC Inc would utilize the frame relay protocol since it is more widely implemented than the X2.5 protocol (Cisco, 2012). Using frame relay protocol would provide ABC Inc the required amount of reliability and security for its private WAN

Illinois and United States constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Illinois and United States constitution - Essay Example It says that it is because they wanted to form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide defense, welfare and secure the blessings of Liberty and prosperity6. The United States constitution is divided into seven articles each with different sections and clauses that address various aspects of the federal government and the relationship with people and the states. The first article concerns the structure of the federal government while the last article concerns the signing of the document by the various signatories7. The Illinois state constitution on the other hand fourteen articles each with various articles and clauses that address various aspects of the state and the relationship with the federal government. The first article is the bill of rights that outlines the various rights and freedom enjoyed by the people of Illinois8. The last article talks of constitutional revision and outlines the various issues to be considered in amending the constituti on. Though the last part of the constitution provides for the transition period from one constitution to another and the various issues that need to remain to enable a smooth transition9. The Illinois state constitution bill of rights begins with the first section that outlines the inherent and inalienable rights of any individual. The rights it points out are the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It then explains the various rights and freedoms enjoyed by all citizens within the state. It has a total of twenty four rights and freedom that people enjoy within the state and each of these is explained in different sections. The rights and freedoms include the following: the right to due process and... The Illinois state constitution bill of rights begins with the first section that outlines the inherent and inalienable rights of any individual. The rights it points out are the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It then explains the various rights and freedoms enjoyed by all citizens within the state. It has a total of twenty four rights and freedom that people enjoy within the state and each of these is explained in different sections. The rights and freedoms include the following: the right to due process and equal protection; freedom of religion; freedom of speech; the right to assemble and petition; the right to be secure from searches, seizures, privacy and interceptions; rights to hearing; rights after indictment; rights of crime victims; right to bail and habeas corpus; self-incrimination and double jeopardy; limitation of penalties after conviction, right to remedy and justice; right to trial by jury; imprisonment for debt, right of eminent domain; ex post facto laws and impairing contracts; right to no discrimination in employment, on the basis of sex, against the handicapped; right to individual dignity; quartering of soldiers; right to arms; fundamental principles and finishes by looking at the rights that are retained . In the US constitution on the other hand, the bill of rights is not found as part of the text in the constitution rather it is found among the ten amendments made on article five of the US constitution.

Is Downsizing unethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Downsizing unethical - Essay Example Insofar as the actions that managers take are in accordance with their moral and legal obligations toward the firm's owners, any decisions resulting from those actions would not necessarily be perceived by them as unethical. Based on this reasoning, decisions made by top management to adopt and implement the downsizing alternative, with the objective of ensuring the financial health of the firm, would be in the best interest of the firm's owners. Subsequently, the ethics of downsizing is not likely to be a conscious consideration as top management formulates downsizing decisions. According to Kantian theory, employee rights are irreducible - that is, they are not to be abridged arbitrarily. This theory also suggests that employees are legally entitled to free and equal access to any rights guaranteed them by law. Legally, employees are entitled to information (i.e., advance notice) concerning layoffs (Cabot, 1988). The concept of rights suggests that employees have the right to as much information as possible about the organization they work for, their job, possibilities of continued employment, and any other information necessary for job enrichment and development (Werhane, 1985). In downsizing situations, particularly during the process of communicating to employees aspects of the downsizing that will affect them and their job, violations of this concept often occur. Pompa (1992) suggests that less than full disclosure of information concerning the downsizing represents the most blatant violation of employee rights. He states that "Deontologically, if withholding information constitutes deception which limits employees' informed choice about their work status, then it violates the Kantian imperative to treat others as ends in themselves, not merely as means" (pp. 148-149). With respect to downsizing, the concept of rights would argue that employees have rights that must not be violated during the formulation and implementation of the downsizing alternative. When these rights are denied, employees are likely to perceive that ethical violations have occurred. Downsizing and the violation of implied contracts What makes a discussion of the ethical implications of downsizing problematic is that there are (save for situations in which collective bargaining is in force) no explicit contractual, legal, or regulatory violations involved. Because employment-at-will is the dominant paradigm for workplace relationships in the United States, recourse to specific legal remedies is limited for employees who have experienced downsizing. There is, in short, no statutory or common-law "right" in American jurisprudence to have continuous employment with a particular employer, although workers in statutorily-protected classes (like women, older workers, and African-Americans) may have claims if they can demonstrate that their individual dismissals were due to unlawful bias (Lee, 1995). A discussion of the ethics of downsizing that focuses on contractual claims will therefore necessarily rely on psychological and social contract theory rather than a legal analysis. In short, the fact that many societal (and for that matter, personal) expectations of employers are neither codified into law nor included in a formalized contract is not necessarily fatal

Business Negotiation Learning Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Negotiation Learning Report - Essay Example In such a situation, negotiation is required. The negotiator must be careful in how he develops his arguments for reducing the level of damages and the length of the defects period; otherwise he will lay himself open to the argument from the buyer that the contractor has no confidence either in his or her ability to complete on time or in the quality of his product. A proper preparation is the most imperative prerequisite to successful negotiation. Neither the negotiator’s expertise nor persuasion can make up for the dearth of preparation. An adequate preparation will provide me with an opportunity to clarify the delegation’s objectives, and acquaint the delegates with the primary issues and the parties engrossed. Adequate preparation is a step close to attaining success (Garrett, 2005, p. 32). In designing the plan, I will consider the issues at hand which are the contractor’s reputation, other completed contracts by the contractor and the damages that the owner of the building will incur after breach of contract. In addition, I will also consider each party’s interests in light of the delegation’s objectives. I will ensure that I have the required information to facilitate the negotiation since information is power (Garrett, 2005, p. 41). ... In preparing for the negotiation, I will ensure that I do not confuse my perceptions with veracity. I will be ready to examine each and every situation in the contract and consider both sides of the negotiation. In preparing for the negotiation, identification of the structure of the negotiation is vital. The structure includes setting the appropriate sequence, time and venue for the negotiation. After identification of the issues at hand in the negotiation, I will come up with a clearly written and delineated path and strategies on how to achieve the desired results. In order to address the issues effectively, I will carefully plan the order by which I will address these issues. I will either start with the least important to the most salient or start with the most significant then finish with the least important. Finally, I would decide on the responsibilities of each team member in the negotiation and consider any other relevant information that could be helpful (Garrett, 2005, p. 45). In this contract negotiation, evaluating the potential risks and liabilities is the best strategy. Such a strategy allows me to think and imagine of the potentiality for something going wrong and the unforeseen costs and expense one party will incur if the contract is breached. Such a strategy will allow me to consider the possibility of a breach and the liabilities. Every negotiator has to consider the best and the worst outcomes before the negotiation process commences. As a negotiator, I will evaluate the possibility of favorable and unfavorable outcomes. Trust, power and persuasion play a significant role in negotiations. A high degree of trust with the parties will lead to an effective negotiation in the contract

Security practices not meeting the challenges (info technology) Essay

Security practices not meeting the challenges (info technology) - Essay Example There is a long line of self-interested intruders ready and willing to capture this valuable data, and as our reliance on digital information has grown, so have the threats. Large concentrations of data, mobile devices, and the need to keep the data useful has all added to the vulnerability of our information technology. While our information system has worked to make our data more secure, the threats of attack and the divulging of information has become ever more prevalent. Information security is an ongoing process that can never quite meet the challenge of the security threats. Security threats originate from three sources. There are internal threats from corrupt employees, external threats that originate from external attacks on the system, and system failure. While direct attacks may compromise the data, system failure can cause a loss of information or system shutdown. While developing a system of access control minimizes attacks, system failures are dealt with through a system of redundancy and audit tracking. These systems are open to compromise by direct attack or well meaning employees that practice lax security measures. The security of a database or network often begins with access control. At the system level this may mean the use of passwords. Passwords are easily compromised and are often shared for the purposes of convenience. Levels of granting only necessary access to a system or a file have been more helpful as data is made available only on a need to know basis. However, in a fast paced team environment, this may require man-hours that far exceed the realistic value of the security. According to Hu, Ferrariolo, and Kuhn, "If a single permission is incorrectly configured, a user will either be ineffective in performing his/her duties or will be given access to unintended information and systems, which could result in undermining the security posture of the organization" (36).

Personal Statement to Win a Scholarship Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement to Win a Scholarship Essay An experienced and fully qualified registered nurse who is efficient, thorough and passionate about delivering the best levels of care to patients. I possesses extensive healthcare experience in a wide range of key nursing fields and has the required physical, mental and emotional strength to stand up to the rigours of this demanding profession. Able to work autonomously and has vast knowledge of using the latest state of the art medical equipment to treat, observe and record the conditions of patients. As a driven individual who wants to progress she is now looking for a suitable nursing position with a reputable, exciting and modern healthcare provider. See more: how to write a scholarship essay Employment History Emena Hospital Assistant Superviser Sept 2011- current Duties Caring for patients who are suffering from acute and long-term illnesses and diseases. Administering drugs, medication and injections to patients. Treating patients with respect and dignity, and giving attention to individual needs and wishes. Kj Prioritising workloads and allocating patients appropriately. Maintaining high clinical standards and high levels of quality care delivery Providing information, emotional support and reassurance to patients and relatives. Nursing Skills Implementing and participating in vaccination and immunisation programmes for both adults and children. Taking patient samples, pulses, temperatures and blood pressures. Experience of Chronic Disease management i.e. diabetes and asthma, etc. Responding calmly to emergency situations. Reviewing and evaluating the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Organising junior staff and prioritising busy workloads. Able to liaise with social services and other care agencies. Preparing beds, rooms, sterilising instruments, equipment and supplies, and ensuring that an essential stock of supplies is maintained.

Importance of the Great Exhibition of 1851

Importance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 Provide some details of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and say why it was so important. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the world’s first world exposition. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London. The 1851 was means the years and The Great Exhibition of 1851 was from 1 May to 11 October 1851. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was mainly focus on the worlds cultural and industrial technology. In The Great Exhibition 1851, Britain wanted to tell all of the public, the success of the achievement after The Industrial Revolution, and that were to become a prevalent 19th-century feature. The Great Exhibition was enormously influential on the development of many aspects of society including art and design education, international trade and relations, and even tourism. The Great Exhibition 1851 was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria. The aim of this activities was to celebrate the new trend of modern industrial technology and design. Maybe due to the Prince and the Queens aides very enthusiastic to promote this fair can be profitable, finally persuaded the British government on January 3, 1850 Royal Commission was set up to organized the Expo 1851, Accordingly greatly enhance the feasibility of the plan, and this committee Britain was included most prestigious engineers Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Crystal Palace was very important for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Joseph Paxtons design is inspired by the Amazon water lily Victoria, found the water lily can support huge leaves, when Joseph Paxton checking underneath, there are radiation-like elongated blade support ribs hard to obtain a design inspired, and application in architecture. Joseph Paxtons plan for the garden, fountains, terraces, small waterfalls and other skills was very good, in this Crystal Palace have many elm was planted, acreage approximately nine acres. The Crystal Palace also has a lot of small fountains and waterfalls, the highest up to 250 feet height, initial water tower construction as load-bearing problems and collapse, after deliberations , the two powerful towers, is divided into three reservoirs, namely the north and the south end of the place, as well as the central part of the garden, to spread the weight. The main idea is to find the power structure, durability, simplicity and speed. Firstly, The Crystal Palace was a famous building in the Great Exhibition of 1851, The Crystal Palace was made by iron and glass. The building used the area of nine hundred thousand square feet, the equivalent of eighty-four thousand square meters of glass or eight half-standard football field. Included the iron prop have three thousand three hundred, Iron beams two thousand three hundred and covers seventy-four thousand square meters, width and length are about 408 feet, 1851 feet equivalent to 125 meters, 564 meters, has around 3-story building. This is a very extensive building in 19th-century. Secondly, This design and building were very fashionable and originality on 19th-century. Since It is an important symbol of the Industrial Revolution, it was originally pavilion for the first time in 1851 World Expo held in London, the official name of this World’s Fair Exposition of Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations. In five months, from May to October 1851, six million visitors throng the gigantic trade show, marveling over the latest technology as well as displays of artifacts from around the world. Until to 1936, the Great Exhibition had previously attracted numerous various social classes of tourists come to visit. Thirdly, World Expo visit year only six months, the building was supposed to be disposed. But but the final decision was made to subvert by parliament, Within two years, meet again by Queen Victoria opening ceremony this was long-term exhibition, for London, especially the addition of the two railway stations. this is one of the still running Crystal Palace railway station now, another station is the gateway to the parade area, today all of the passengers can still see its Italian style mosaic roof. Finally, Among the exhibits, almost every Victorian’s generation left are surprising for the visitors, there are included pottery, porcelain field, iron factories, steam hammer, hydraulic, perfume, pianos, houses, diving gear, guns, barometers, Textiles and fireworks etc. On the other hand, The Crystal Palace was have a lot other problems to affect contemporary design and develop the building. Firstly, in the items of the materials, the traditional earth, wood, brick, stone was replaced by iron and glass. Although is not of the first to used iron as a building material, however, used the iron prefabricated frame was unprecedented. Its effects open to suspicion since it is a unprecedented case, they can not have a successful case to support they when they are develop the building. Secondly, in terms of construction, traditional brick and stone stack technology is rivet, sleeve and screw fittings, fasteners replaced as the house as a machine to install. It is an unsafe practice as the Crystal Palace has around 3-story building and mainly items of the materials were a iron and glass, the Crystal Palace have a lot of visitors to visit, so the structure of the building must be very safety. Finally, In November 1936 the Crystal Palace was tragically destroyed in a spectacular fire. the Crystal Palace was made by iron and glass which are building materials. When the light from the sun is direct exposure on the Crystal Palace, it will initiate a fire and the iron is not to receive a high temperature, it is easy to become deformed. The result is the fire will spread so fast. However, Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, Australia Expo again inherited the London Crystal Palace style. The difference is mainly due to Crystal Palace is not a permanent building, the main materials were iron and glass, all set up was for the convenience and short-term used, was not a long-term used and was not a one of the Exhibition Building. World Expo and a number of cities in Europe after several decades of years, many of the pavilion type buildings are modeled on glass frame structure by Crystal Palace. Royal Exhibition Building is a permanent building with solid walls and roof. Until today, the Royal Exhibition Building is still standing in the Riccarton Park Melbourne. A hundred years ago, making it increasingly fascinating Victorian’s elegance. In all of the buildings in Melbourne, its influence comparable to stabilizer. In June 2004, Royal Exhibition Building was included in the World Heritage List of the United Nations, Australia has become the only ranked as the worlds cultural heritage buildings. The Crystal Palace in London had only provided a venue for the Expo exhibits show, but has become the first World Expo of the most successful works and exhibits, it not only witnessed to the infinite glory of the Victorian era has also become a symbol of the world exposition. Today, the modern city building is very fast, however, if we can careful to inquiry, we can observe many of todays building materials and methods are within from the impact of the Crystal Palace, Although The Crystal Palace was a historical buildings, yet in a different form changing Joseph Paxtons creative ideas. In this sense, the Crystal Palace is still alive in our side, and will long continue.

Child Rights in the UK

Child Rights in the UK Children’s rights are poorly served in the United Kingdom. The recent UNICEF report has deemed UK as the worst place for the brought up of children and adolescents. UNICEF studied about the well-being and safety of children, adolescents and youths in the wealthy western countries. The reports were heartbreaking and imply that the present ‘electronic world’ (particularly the UK) is no longer a better place for children and adolescents. In spite of the attempts of children welfare societies and other children care initiatives, children are loosing their basic rights even and are getting sunk into drugs, sex and other wrong activities. Children are aliens to the developed world (Brooks, 2006)[1]. British children are more likely to use drugs and have sex, compared to the children of any other country (Freeman, 1996)[2]. There is an increasing lack of security and contentment for children and adolescents in the UK. There is big difference between the ways and experiences of UK children and the children of other developed countries. Only US may surpass UK in the total number of crimes related to children. The government of UK neglected all these reports, calling them ‘outdated’ and ‘historic’, and also commented that these report are based on the situation that existed before the implementation of the Childrens Act 2004 (Freeman, 1996). However a careful look would make anybody understand that the state of children is not better in Britain even now. Numerous other studies, like the one initiated by Save the Children and the Nuffield Foundation, Institute of Public Policy Research, and other organizations clearly stated the same trend and confirmed that children and adolescents are deprived of even their basic rights. Children in the UK still remain in poverty, oppression, and distress and the problem doubled to what it was in 1979 (Freeman, 1996). Britain has the highest teenage birth-rate compared to other developed countries of Europe (Freeman, 1996). Reports say that this degradation of the quality of the children and adolescents is not just because of computer games, fast food and other aspects of the modern period. Poverty and other sufferings equally contribute to this plight of children and adolescents. Cultural factors also play a major role in this big crisis. The society in the UK does not really value their children. Right from the Victorian era children are least valued in the society and are corralled into classrooms and left without necessary guidance. These children when they become young do not contribute directly to the economy and have zero voice in the political process. Children are easily criminalized (as per the status assigned to them by the media) and are never given proper guidance to bring them to the mainstream of the society (Brooks, 2006). The more the children are exploited the more panicky their behaviour is. The UK is disastrously infected with materialism and modernity that has furnished a hell for children in this nation (Freeman, 1996). Parenthood and its values have disappeared from the society. Society is now ruled by modern ‘no child’ theory that supports the selfhood, freedom and autonomy of selfish couples. Begetting children has become a choice as childless family is found to be economically stronger. Families are encouraged to have kids just for filling future jobs in the nation. Education has become a mere investment for earning money. Schools are grounds of competitions. Modern teaching methods create more losers than winners. Children report nothing but depression, failure and worries and opt to run towards the path that give them temporary relief and satisfaction (Brooks, 2006). Research reports say that Britain’s children are the unhappiest children in the West (Freeman, 1996). They drink most, smoke most and have sex at very early age. They hate schools, neglect their health, and are least satisfied in their life. They never eat meals with their parents and are always out of their house. They lack good company and guidance. According to Professor Bradshaw (from a children welfare association), â€Å"Between 1979 and 1999, children were relatively neglected in Britain, child poverty rates rose rapidly, those living in workless households soared and the numbers not in education or training also rose† (Brooks, 2006). Children in the UK are least confident about the path in which they are moving; their own perception itself is poor. When a group of teenagers were asked to rate their own health, majority of them rated it as fair and poor. They also opined that they are not enjoying their school life and personal life. On an assessment about the welfare of children in the countries of Europe, various factors like child safety, relative poverty, educational achievement, relationships with parents, drug misuse were considered. Netherlands and The Czech Republic were found to be in top position for child well being, with Britain occupying the bottom position. Britain topped in teenage pregnancy rate and teenage drug addiction rate (Freeman, 1996). The government of the UK missed its target to cut short child poverty in the year 2004-05 (with respect to the 1998-99 levels). The plans to eliminate child poverty by 2020 are also not seriously considered. Even though there are not many children who live in absolute poverty there are thousands of young ones who are still in relative poverty (Brooks, 2006). A research was conducted to analyse adolescent drug misuse and parental conflict among black and ethnic minority groups in the UK. The research consisted of personal interviews, surveys, questionnaire answering and other sections for collecting first hand data from adolescents (from various places, schools, colleges etc). After the initial data collection, data was analyzed for getting the exact level of adolescent drug misuse among the racially and ethnically backward groups residing in UK. Data was collected from adolescents of age group 18-20 years. Adolescents were given questionnaires to fill in. Questions are prepared in such a way that the answers would reveal how adolescent drug misuse is related to the parental conflict. The study also included surveys for adolescents about their habits and traits, assessing their family background and relationships. The research brought out the result that adolescent drug misuse is directly related to parental conflict in the UK. The study confirmed that family problems are the real reason behind the drug misuse among adolescents of lower ethnic groups. Many children said that the kinds of relationship they maintain with their parents are too poor. They had experienced physical as well as mental assault or torture in their early childhood life. This reveals the ill-privileged condition of children in the UK. Children are mistreated and oppressed by parents, relatives, caretakers and others. Mistreatment is mental as well as physical. Children undergo torture, sexual abuse and emotional abuse at younger age. In some families, children are not given proper care and they are not treated properly (Vittachi, 1989)[3]. Parents are preoccupied with their works or are under various malpractices, and seldom give any time for their children. There are cases when children are completely neglected. This is when the parents or the caretakers fail to offer necessary care, food, clothing, shelter and other requirements for the child. For some parents, drugs are more important than their kids. Such people may also make their children use these drugs (compelling children to use drugs). Children are nuisances for another group of parents. All these results in severe child abuse issues. In many families in UK, parents get divorced; children stay with one of the parents or with relatives or other caretakers (Brooks, 2006). They undergo physical and mental abuse and even big assaults. Such children are deprived of parent’s love and care and lose a good family environment. Relatives and caretakers are least bothered about their welfare and torture them to maximum. These abused and neglected children suffer from various mental and physical problems that lead them to wrong paths. Some children are exposed to drugs in their childhood itself since their parents use drugs. Children who are brought up in families where there are frequent fights will naturally have fighting mood or other bad characteristics (Brooks, 2006). Also if parents are having criminal background and other unlawful practices, children who are brought up in that environment also will have criminal characters and behaviours. Children are abused in different ways and are made deprived of all their childhood happiness and privileges. They are troubled and exploited and are subjected to mental and physical exploitation s. There were incidents in which children were beaten, burnt and killed even (Vittachi, 1989). In a particular case, a petition was filed in Waukesha County Juvenile Court in order to keep 3 girl children in protective custody as their drug-addicted father troubled them making them accompany him during a crack cocaine binge. In another incident in 2004, a 9-month-old boy died accidentally and later doctor’s testified that the child’s injuries were as a result of smothering and other physical assaults (Vittachi, 1989). The physician who did the autopsy came with the conclusion that his head and neck were affected with smothering and blunt force trauma. The child was found breathless and blue as a result of consistent physical tortures (Vittachi, 1989). His health status was so bad that he suffered from brain haemorrhages and retinal haemorrhages and died in a hospital. The child’s parent was charged for ill-treatment and aggravated battery of the child which lead to the child’s death. It is high time that UK listen to the complaints of their children (Archard, 1993)[4]. Children must be given a coherent social identity that would make them have a good involvement in the real world. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child reported (five years back) that the UK is an absolute failure in their child welfare programs (Franklin, 1995)[5]. The committee put forth few recommendations out of which very few were implemented. All the 76 recommendations of the committee should be put in action and a right-based approach should be adopted for the welfare of the children (similar to that undertaken by Sweden). All legislations must be assesses to ensure that they do not bring any negative impact on children (Franklin, 1995). Children must be diverted away from antisocial behaviour and must be given protection from physical punishment like adults. Alcohol, drugs and other similar things must never be sold cheaply so that children will have less access to it (Franklin, 1995). Pe rsuasive advertising and sex ads must be rooted out from the society. Sex education must be open as it is in countries like Netherlands. Britain should carefully look into the underlying causes of their failure to raise happy, healthy children. Children who suffer abuses in collapsed families should be saved from their homes and must be placed in a safe environment. Shelter must be offered to such ill-fated children, providing them all the necessary care and protection. They must be kept away from their parents unless it is safe for them to stay with their parents (Brooks, 2006). Children must be kept in healthy environments, away from disturbances and abuses. Social workers, advocates and law enforcement officers must help government in implementing these measures. The abused children will suffer from various physical and psychological problems (Franklin, 1995). They must be evaluated and treated accordingly, assessing their physical and mental health. They need to be kept in healt hy environment where they can interact with other children. The concerned officers (or social workers) should monitor the children, concerning their health needs and other needs. Children must also be given good counselling, advices and classes that will help them come out of the shock they suffered. The concerned officers should also proceed with other legal formalities of the child’s custody. Efforts should also be taken for reuniting the child’s family if it is possible (Brooks, 2006). All these measures would help upgrade the rights of children in the UK. References Archard, D. (1993) Children, Rights and Childhood, London: Routledge. Brooks, L. (2006) The Story of Childhood, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. Franklin, B. (1995) (ed) Handbook of Childrens Rights: Comparative Policy and Practice, London: Routledge. Freeman, M. (1996) (ed) Childrens Rights: A Comparative Perspective, Dartmouth. Vittachi, A. (1989) Stolen Childhood: In Search of the Rights of the Child, Cambridge: Polity. Bibliography Aitken, S. C. Geographies of Young People: The Morally Contested Spaces of Identity. London: Routledge, 2001. Aries, P. Centuries of Childhood. Cape, 1962. Beddingfield, D. The Child in Need: Children, the State and the Law, London: Jordan, 1998. Buckingham, D. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of the Electronic Media. Cambridge: Polity, 2000. Cunningham, H. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. London: Longman, 1995. Fletcher, A. J. Childhood in Question, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. Foley, P; Roche, J. and Tucker, C. Children in Society: Contemporary Theory, Practice and Policy, Hampshire: Palgrave/OUP, 2001. 1 Footnotes [1] L. Brooks, The Story of Childhood, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2006. [2] M. Freeman (ed), Childrens Rights: A Comparative Perspective, Dartmouth, 1996. [3] A. Vittachi, Stolen Childhood: In Search of the Rights of the Child, Cambridge: Polity, 1989. [4] D. Archard, Children, Rights and Childhood, London: Routledge, 1993. [5] B. Franklin (ed), Handbook of Childrens Rights: Comparative Policy and Practice, London: Routledge, 1995.

Child Care: Needs Assessment Essay -- trauma-informed care, trauma, b

In this paper I will be discussing the choices I should have made with my past client, John, and how I have grown as a child care professional through my successes and failures therein. I will also discuss how I would go about treating him now, focusing more on cognitive developmental therapy as well as dealing further with his anger and violent actions. My goal in this aspect is to show how I would find the roots of his anger caused by his past to better help him conquer these issues in the future. Further more, I will discuss the benefits of Trauma-informed care and how following the ideals therein could have greatly benefited John's sense of emotional, physical and spiritual well-being. Self Reflection Dealing with a case such as John's, a well rounded view of his situation is entirely vital. A deep understanding of his history should be held with high regard and guide the therapeutic choices taken. Not only do we as child care professionals need to access and treat our patients outward affects of trauma, but we must also find and ease the emotional and biological affects of the trauma experienced, as outlined by Dr. Perry (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). Dr. Perry's Neurosequential Design Therapy would have been very beneficial for John had it been around then. The importance of starting from the beginning of trauma and treating each step of cognitive development missed through out childhood has proven to be a thorough and powerful tool for successful treatment. With a client like John now, I would spend more time focusing on his relationship with his mother and her boyfriend. The neglect and trauma faced therein would be detrimental to his self-image and social understanding and would be, I imagine, buried very deepl... ...ing that he himself can be proud of, which can only further his self concept and guide him ever forward. Works Cited Perry, D. B., & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog. (1st ed., p. 18). New York: Basic Books. American Psychological Association (n.d.). What is exposure therapy?. Retrieved from http://www.div12.org/sites/default/files/WhatIsExposureTherapy.pdf Boyd, D., Johnson, P., & Bee, H. (2012). Lifespan development. (4th ed., p. 386). Toronto, ON: Pearson Publishing. Child Traumatic Stress Network. (2003). Effective treatments for youth trauma . Retrieved from http://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/effective_treatments_youth_trauma.pdf Klinic Community Health Center. (2013). Trauma informed - the trauma toolkit. Retrieved from http://trauma-informed.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Trauma-informed_Toolkit.pdf

Global Warming :: Greenhouse Effect Climate Change

Global Warming The earth’s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build up of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface. This causes the earth to radiate the energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapour, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat similar to the glass panels of a greenhouse. Without this natural â€Å"greenhouse effect,† temperatures would be much lower than they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the earth’s average temperature is a more hospitable 24 C. However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%. Methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. Due to the concentrations increasing the heat-trapping capability of the earth’s atmosphere is enhanced. Greenhouse gas concentrations are increasing. Scientists generally believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter release more than 10 times the CO released by human activities; but these releases have always been in balance with the carbon dioxide absorbed by plant photosynthesis. What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon dioxide by human activities. Energy burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses are responsible for about 80% of society's carbon dioxide emissions and about 20% of global nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. Estimating future emissions is difficult, because it depends on economic, technological, and institutional developments. The Hole in the Ozone Layer Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has a major impact on Earth. The destruction of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet's surface has been brought about as the result of the widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert and harmless. Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is found in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometres above the Earth's surface.

Social Attitudes Toward Vietnam Veterans Essay -- Exploratory Essays R

Social Attitudes Toward Vietnam Veterans I have always been interested in the Vietnam War and the results of â€Å"the longest war in America.† Therefore, I have decided to examine the social attitudes toward Vietnam veterans. Since I feel so passionately about the way that Vietnam veterans are viewed, the purpose of my paper is to inform others about the way that the veterans have been criticized and misrepresented. Personally, I hope to gain a further understanding of the attitudes and views towards Vietnam veterans, especially since my father is a veteran. After reading my paper, I hope that my audience will walk away with more respect and reverence for those that fought in the Vietnam War and gave their lives for their country. My audience will consist of my peers, my professor, and any other person interested in learning more about the sentiment towards Vietnam veterans. My research has involved searching the Internet, going to the University Library and looking through books, and even interviewing my father, who fought in the Vietnam War. I have also examined the lyrics to Billy Joel’s ballad, â€Å"Goodnight Saigon.† Thus far, the most valuable sources have been a few books I took out from the library. These books include information about the history of the Vietnam War as well as about the aftermath. In addition, several of these books include powerful pictures and images from wartime to the present time. After examining the lyrics to Billy Joel’s song, â€Å"Goodnight Saigon,† I realized that it does not directly relate to my topic about the sentiment towards Vietnam veterans. However, it does provide a clear insight into the way the soldiers felt while they were fighting in Vietnam. At first I was unsure about the lyrics sin... ...port my beliefs about the changing social attitudes toward Vietnam veterans. As the writing process continues, I plan to gather more research materials such as new books and articles. The social attitudes towards Vietnam veterans has proven to be an extremely interesting subject to me and I hope that through my discussion of these views, my audience will gain a new understanding of some of the bravest and most heroic men of the century. Works Cited Doyle, Edward, et al. The Aftermath. The Vietnam Experience. Boston: Boston Publishing Co., 1985. Greene, Bob. Homecoming. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1989. Gustainis, J. Justin. American Rhetoric and the Vietnam War. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1993. Joel, Billy. â€Å"Goodnight Saigon. â€Å" The Nylon Curtain. 1982. Katakis, Michael. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1988.

Discuss the dramatic significance of Hamlet Scene 1 Act 1 Essay

The play ‘Hamlet’ was written in tempestuous times for England. There was death caused by ‘The Plague’ and poverty was rampant. Much importance surrounded the outward support of the monarch, Elizabeth. During her reign, religion caused divisions and factions of the Protestant church considered the theatre as sinful, amoral perhaps. In his plays, Shakespeare uses his understanding of humanity to entertain by addressing love, power, loyalty, honour and friendship. These values address unchanging aspects that touch us even today. ‘Hamlet’ is intended to portray the importance of the monarchy and the insecurity created by the threat of a foreign invasion – the message being that anything can happen to anyone. This then is the underlying setting of the theme for ‘Hamlet’ – taking place on a dark winter night, creating suspense, intrigue and providing entertainment to an otherwise deprived audience. In the opening, Act 1 and Scene 1 of ‘Hamlet’, the playwright, William Shakespeare, uses several dramatical devices to influence the crowd’s moods, behaviour and attitude towards the play; this is known as psychological audience manipulation. Shakespeare cleverly uses one – dimensional characters to deliver background information to the audience in a more entertaining style. The setting – the guard – platform of the Castle, on a dark, wintry cold night at midnight further intensifies the dramatic effect. ‘Who’s there? ‘ – and ‘Quiet guard’ – these statements imply a foreboding. Immediately the audience is captivated, particularly when one associates midnight with evil. The statements: ‘Tis now struck twelve’ and ‘Bitter cold’ further add to the dramatic mood that is being created. Francisco’s admission: ‘I am sick at heart’ has a negative connotation, suggesting feelings of uneasiness. Bernardo’s reply: ‘ Bid them make haste ‘ – he is obviously scared of something. A reference to loyalty to the Sovereign follows, ‘Friends to this ground’ and ‘Liegemen to the Dane’- here Shakespeare uses a manipulative technique to address the importance of remaining patriotic – an aspect of life everyone can identify with. Again it is suggested that they are engulfed by darkness and they can only see that which is really close up to them: ‘ A piece of him’. By extending his hand, Horatio reassures the guards that he is a friend not a foe. There are sinister undertones at the outset of the scene, which effectively serve to introduce the tenor of the play. Despite this, there is a hint of humour and sarcasm by Horatio : ‘What, has his thing appear’d again to-night? ‘ An air of intrigue is created by this: it is not known what it is is actually being referred to. It is Marcellus who then goes on to explain to the audience what Horatio’s views are: ‘And will not let belief take hold of him’ – this means that he will not allow himself to believe anything of a supernatural nature. He has been invited to see if: ‘This apparition come’, but remains unyielding in his opinion: ‘ Tush, tush ’twill not appear’. Bernardo tries to convince Horatio, ‘Again assail your ears’. Another example is: ‘That are so fortified against our story’. Here he is openly addressing Horatio’s incredulity on the subject of the spectre. Bernardo recounts how the Ghost appeared and that the ‘Yond same star’ was in the same place, when it had originally appeared, adding to the drama and heralding its reappearance. An essentially frightened audience is introduced to the Ghost. ‘ Like the King that’s dead’. Even the originally sceptical Horatio is outwardly scared now, raising the intensity of the drama. ‘It harrows me with fear and wonder:’ he uses strong language. It therefore fell upon Horatio, who was encouraged by the other guards, to address the Ghost in order to attest that this spectre was real. The well spoken Horatio, the scholar states:’ What art thou that usurp’st this time of night’ – by this he suggests that the Ghost has upset the peace of the night and has taken ‘ That fair and warlike form’. By this reference, the audience is psychologically manipulated into feeling admiration for the dead king. He further challenges: ‘ By heaven I charge thee, speak! ‘ The scene continues and Horatio admits to believing because he has seen with the: ‘True avouch of mine own eyes’. Horatio recalls the previous battle with Denmark and Norway: this is political propaganda, which is the strong theme for the play, providing essential background information. This also casts a positive reflection of the previous king: ‘When he the ambitious Norway combated’ – this already gives the audience a positive reflection on the deceased King, as we are told of his bravery, ‘He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice. ‘ It also suggests that the king may have some unfinished business and that is why he has returned as the Ghost three times. Horatio warns the audience that: ‘This bodes some strange eruption to our state, ‘ moreover, this is a warning of the inevitability that: Denmark may be on the brink of war. There are other suggestions of this: ‘Daily cast of brazen cannon. ‘ This infers that people are working round the clock. All this creates a sense of apprehension. Shakespeare attempts to draw a parallel with ancient Rome: Horatio now eloquently delivers his views and this has a religious connotation. Examples of this are made by: ‘In the most high and palmy state of Rome’ and ‘ Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse’ and ‘As harbingers preceding still the fates’. The conjecture here is that the Ghost is the forerunner of what is yet to come and also is connected with the Bible, as was prophesised that Christ would come to judge the living and the dead. This is effective use of imagery and is symbolic would most certainly create a growing sense of fear in the audience. Another biblical reference with far reaching effects is: ‘The cock crows’: this suggests betrayal and moreover, ‘And at his warning’ is ominous. There is dramatic impetus by Horatio and he uses aggressive language on the Ghost’s reappearance: ‘I’ll cross it, though it blast me. Stay illusion. ‘ He asks ‘ If thou art privy to thy country’s fate’- can the Ghost share a secret, any light on what lies ahead for Denmark? Despite the audience not having being introduced to Hamlet, we are psychologically manipulated into feeling sorry for him and empathise with him. In the indirect reference made to him we understand that Horatio suggests that they tell young Hamlet of the appearance of the Ghost. We learn that there is staunch support for Hamlet: ‘As needful in our loves, fitting our duty? ‘ In the space of a few days, sadly, his father has passed away: ‘The majesty of buried Denmark ‘. His rightful inheritance has been taken from him: ‘ So by his father lost’ which suggests that he is in mourning and ‘This, I take it is the main motive of our preparations’ – to take back that which was theirs. This automatically gives the audience someone to support and â€Å"root for† in ‘Young Hamlet’ as the play unfolds and we learn more of his personal story. This is linked to another theme that the audience can identify with: family values. The element of mystery and foreboding are inherently present in Act One, Scene One and is further personified in the form of an apparition, ‘This apparition come. ‘ The contemporary audience that this was aimed at, being more religiously aware than the public nowadays, would have been fearful of the spectre and would have made links to the devil and hell, gaining the audience’s full attention. By the spreading of its arms, it has connotations to Jesus Christ, creating a sombre aura. They are encouraged to believe that the Ghost is an omen: ‘ That this portentous figure’, is a sign that they are ready for battle. Essentially, the mood further reflects insecurity as Denmark may be on the verge of war. A clever technique Shakespeare uses serves to encourage loyalty to the monarch at the time, ‘Long live the King’. Therefore, he has put his political views forward successfully and with discretion. The Ghost exits, leaving everyone none the wiser as to the reason for its apparition. The first Act and Scene allows for speculation and would have created a sense of dramatic anticipation, keeping the audience on the edge of their seats, ready to see what will ensue in the next scene.

PESTEL Viet Nam Analysis Essay

A. Introduction of Viet NamVietnam is approximately 331688 km2 in put forward field and occupied the eastern coast of the to the south-east Asian peninsula. The northern crock up of the objectivem part consists roughlyly of superior fetchs and the Red River Delta. The south is divided into coastal low bestows and extensive forests. Be safari of differences in latitude and the coiffureed miscellany of topographical relief, the climate t set asides to convert considerably from go in to place. During the winter or dry duration (November to April), the monsoon wind blowing from the northwest brings considerably moisture. wherefore the winter season in approximately parts of the estate is dry. Major Vietnamese cities include slap-up of Vietnam in the north, Da Nang in the mid coastal region, and Ho qi Minh urban center ( statelyly known as Saigon) to the south. Vietnam has consider fitted energy resources much(prenominal)(prenominal) as oil, gas and coal and its 41,00 0 km persistent mensess provide the basis for hydro place. The commonwealth is adequate in minerals such(prenominal) as bauxite, compact ore, lead, gold, infrequent st singles, tin, chromate, anthracite, granite, marble, clay, w everyplaceheade sand and graphite. In addition, Vietnam has a considerable odoriferous and seawater fauna, dense tropical forestry resources and it possesses great pastoral potential.The memorial of Vietnam, reference to the Geneva dish out signed in 1954. The accord finish French colonial rule, and the argonna was partiti unmatchedd into the parlia custodytary Re general of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh and the Republic of Vietnam in the South. The capitals were capital of Vietnam for the North and Saigon for the South. Fights led by Ho Chi Minh to unite the landed estate affiance uped in 1959 and braveed until 1975. Hanoi became the capital of the bucolic whilst Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh metropolis. Following reunification, the Vietna mese presidencys initial platform was to stop it on the prudence via methods of cardinal planning. Based on experiences gained during the 1976-1980 five course of studys plan, subsequent rudimentary plans introduced much relaxed policies with applaud to agricultural collectives, primary(prenominal)tain Owned Enterp amazes and allowed more(prenominal) scope for semiprivate initiatives. These measures were instrumental in elevating p oerty.Growth put up during the early 80s were high(prenominal) than during the 1976-1980 five grade plan, however it became trenchant that further indemnity shift were incumbent to enable the Vietnam economy to perform imminent to its potential. Economic reform was the disclose direct of discussion at the Sixth guinea pig political party sexual congress held in declination 1986. The process then initiated of moving from a substituti sleek over planned economy to an untied, socialist-oriented and multi- do principal(prenom inal) commercialise economy known as inside Moi ( restoration). In 1992, the National throng rewrite the post-unification organic law to better reflect the aspirations furnish in the Doi Moi process. Economic cognitive operation since 1986 has thatified the policy of relaxation of central control, the challenge face up by Vietnam has been the aid of speedy frugal egress and integrating into the world(prenominal) economy.B. P.E.S.T.L.E REPORT ON VIET NAM1. administrationThe Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state. Its juvenile state constitution, which replaced the 1975 constitution in April 1992, asserts the central graphic symbol of the Communist troupe of Vietnam in all organs of giving medication, politics and auberge. In 2011, Viet Nam held the 11th sexual relation of Vietnam Communist Party, in which happened the Election of the Party Central delegacy for the new term. Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong was pick out to be the prevalent Secretary. After the Congress, on that point happened the fist Congress of the Parliament, term 13th, in which Mr. Nguyen Sinh Hung was elected to be the chair of the Parliament, Mr. Truong tangent Sang the President of the Country, and Mr. Nguyen Tan Dung was elected to hold on the sit of blush Minister. This Congress in like manner issued 4 touchs offset- stratum, approving the ground Budget, second, agreeing on the program of construct laws and ordinances in2012, third, beginning the discip notation of the amendments and supplements of the 1992 reputation and riseing the revised draft of the 1992 Constitution, and lastly, the degree on the issuance of real redundant tax measures to remove tall(prenominal)ies for enterprises and slip-by- cheeks, contributing to frugal development in 2011. In 2011, the disputes over the atomic chip 99 Sea was the main cause of any(prenominal) changes in relations among Vietnam and some im sortant countries in the world, peculiarly theVie tnam main destroy China and Viet Nam U.S. Tension in the eastside Sea has esca latelyd due to Chinas provocative acts in May, 2011. Then happened more anti-Chinese protests in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh city. In this context, the relation in the midst of Viet Nam and the U.S was title to be elevated to st regulategic partnership.4 And late 2011, the tensions in the Vietnam-China relations down to the pick up by the senior appointeds of the devil countries.In terms of politically study policy, the politics unbroken a political stability, and come outed some validating signs. For practice, the immunity of the press realisemed to be extended. In addition, the establishment was withal more aw ar of its limitations and of the policy mis lands. Concretely, at the cardinalthly Conference of the Party Central delegacy (XI), Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong said Besides the achievements, the Party building acidify mollify has numerous a(prenominal) limitations and shortcomings, w eaknesses, take down spanning multiple defects these limitations would reduce passels trust in the Party if non corrected, they allow be the challenge for leading of the Party and the survival of the regime.2. EconomyThe year of 2011 was important for the economy of Viet Nam because this is the scratch year in the latest Socio-Economic breeding scheme (2011-2020), with the goal of bonnie an industrialized and new(a) economy by 2020. This st enume putgy goes on to identify the countrys headstone priorities to date this ambitious locate arouse the economy, build world-class infra construction, create a skilled labor force, and strengthen market- found institutions. concord to Vietnam Development Report (VDR) 2012, obtaining these aspirations volition non be easy. In event, the country has experienced bouts of macro scotch turbulence in novel twenty-four hourssdouble-digit puffiness, depreciating currency, capital flight, and expiry of inter discipline re practi ceseating a mode institutionalizeor confidence. Besides, rapid growth has revealed new geomorphologic problems. The quality and sustainability of growth remain a source of concern, given the resource-intensive pattern of growth, high levels of environmental debasement, lack of diversification and economic value addition in exports, and the declining contribution of productivity to growth. Vietnams competitiveness is under affright because the magnategeneration has non kept pace with look at, logistical costs and real estate impairments keep back climbed, and skill short get alongs argon becoming more widespread. And these vexedies lovesomely existed in 2011. Concretely, the inflation in 2011 was 18.13% the growth of gross domestic product has slowed (5,89%). Domestic and global gold p strain prison-breaking increase. The Corruption index 2011 from foil world(prenominal)istic ranked Viet Nam at the position 112.This shows that Viet Nam has been faced one of the nigh difficult challenges of economic development. In terms of monetary, tally to the document of worldly concern vernacular, in 2011, extraneous direct investment inflows (to Viet Nam) continued at a steady pace, although new commitments gloamd. supranational reserves increased in the scratch half(a) of the year slice the Vietnamese dong benefitted from a finis of sexual relation calm. In the last quarter of the year, however, modify rate fluctuations increased due to irritability in gold prices, deepening uncertainties and the seasonal worker increase in demand for immaterial currency as the year end approaches. With approximate 9 billion U.S. dollars, the gist of money coming from overseas Vietnamese was one of the full-growngest sources of alien currency in 2011. This amount is equivalent to the amount of FDI. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japanese be the countries that contributed the well up-favouredgest investment to Viet Nam in 2011. Hai Duong, Ho Chi Minh city, an d Ha Noi ar troika places that has been intimately(prenominal) invested in young conviction. The sectors that most attract the economic aid of irrelevant investors atomic human beings body 18 processing industry, electricity supply, and accommodation and eat service. However, concord to the analysis of a foreman economist, Dr. Allan Pham, though facing the difficulties as mentioned above, the economy is coming to a better aspect in 2012, specially with a certain success in the fight against inflation of the country (the inflation has been trending down since the quaternary quarter of 2011).Following is the figure of the selected macro indicators of the economy in new-fangled yearsKey Indicators200720082009201020112012gross domestic product growth (%)8.56.25.36.785.86.0cost-of- accompaniment index (%)12.6236.5211.7518.012-14 dispense dearth (USD)12.517.812.212.412.113.3Exports (USD)48.462.556.671.680.286.5Imports (USD)60.880.368.884.092.499.8FDI commitments (USD)21. 366.521.518.615.018.0FDI disbursal (USD)8.011.510.011.012.012.5Credit growth (%)542137.727.61518SBV Base rate8.28.58.09.09.09.0Deposit rate (%)7.0-8.07.0-8.59.5-10.510.0- 11.01412.0 shellow rate (%)10.0-12.010-12.510.5-1213.0-13.518-2014-16USD/VND (bank rate)16,01617,46818,60019,50021,50022,500 remote Af mean(a)sAt present, Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with 168 countries, and it has economic and trading relations with about clxv countries. Vietnam joined the United Nations in 1977. Vietnam became an official sh atomic number 18 of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1995, and has concluded a cooperation agreement with the European Community. Relationships with multi-national financial institutions such as the World Bank (WB), the world-wide Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) name been re-established. Viet Nam has been participating in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) since 1996 and became a member of the Asia Pacific Econ omic Cooperation fabrication (APEC) in 1998. Vietnam became an official member of the World Trade musical arrangement (WTO) on 11 January 2007. In January 2008, the country started a both(prenominal) year term as an elected non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Vietnam signed the reversible shell out agreement (BTA) with the United adduces in 2000. Besides aspects of international trade, the BTA covers a variety of otherwise atomic number 18as, including intellectual blank space rights, trade in services, development of investment relations, bloodfacilitation and the obligation to ensure transp atomic number 18ncy of laws and regulations. The BTA fundamentally constitutes a commitment by twain countries to open their markets to each other.Intellectual stationIn recent years, the regimen has taken various measures to increase the healthy resistance of intellectual property and has created an environment of respect for intellectual property as comp bed t o other neighboring countries. Intellectual property rights argon protected by the civilised write in code (1995 and 2005), the Law on Intellectual spot (2005) and a host of subordinate legislation. Vietnam is a long- meter signatory to the Paris Convention, the Madrid accord on International Trademark Registration, and the patent of invention Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and became a member of the World Intellectual seat Organization in 1976. On 27 June 1997, Vietnam entered into an capital of mod Hampshire on copyrights with the US. match to the Viet Nam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement, Vietnam is under the obligation to adhere to the capital of Switzerland Convention. The National chest of Intellectual Property (NOIP) is the authority responsible for the modification of industrial property and for the resolution of disputes with regard to industrial property in the first instance. Foreign organizations and one-on-ones seeking to register their industrial self-possession sh ould file their applications through and through an authorized agent, who will transfer their application to the NOIP. The Office of secure Protection under the Ministry of Culture, Sport and tourism has excessively been established and is responsible for the breastplate of copyright. Works whitethorn be registered with the Office of Copyright Protection however, registration is not a prerequisite for copyright protection. Currently, patents argon protected for a finish of 20 years. A surety of utility solutions whitethorn be disposed(p) for 10 years. A certificate of industrial design is given for 5 years and may be renewed every 5 years. However, the gist effective period of a certificate stick outnot exceed 15 years. Certificates of trademarks ar granted for 10 years with no restrictions on the number of replacings.Investment GuaranteesThe Government of Vietnam guarantees attractive treatment for investors. Capital and other legal assets of investors will not be exp ropriated or confiscated by law or administrative measures and occupancyes with foreign-investedcapital will not be nationalized. Foreign investors argon allowed to remit overseas investment capital and profits, loan whizz and interest, and other legal proceeds and assets. Expatriates functional for avocationes with foreign-invested capital or for a business cooperation contract atomic number 18 permitted to remit their income a panoptic. The Vietnam regimen respects intellectual and industrial property rights and the interests of foreign investors relating to applied science transfers into Vietnam.Economic Risks world(prenominal) Finance Crisis is the hottest issues that hoi polloi discuss most in this few years. The global financial crisis that started from the United enounces raises a very b bridle-path impact to Vietnam.InflationInflation has been in double digits since 2007 and peaking at 28% in August 2008. The fiscal deficit noteed for 4.5-5% GDP in 2008 small-ar m trade deficit reached US$17.5 billion (or over 20% of GDP), a level that signals vulnerability to a sudden drop in impertinent demand (Figure 2). A high rate of investment combined with a big fiscal deficit resulted in rapid growth in aggregate demand in the first half of 2008. capacious capital inflows generated asset price inflation, especially in real estate and land prices.Export DeclineVietnamese exports catch suffered the strongest pre judicial impact. With economic problems in the US, EU and Japan, which together account for more than 60% of Vietnamese exports, Vietnam saw a meaningful decline in export revenues. Vietnams export revenues fell 6.5% in November 2008 and a further 24% drop in January 2009 (year-on-year) (Figure 3). Orders for manufactured exports including garments, footwear and furniture dropped quickly, sequence seafood5 producers ar also under pressure. The decline of orders has cause great difficulties for exporting companies, numerous of them ar e at risk of closing down.6 Vietnamese exports growth is forecasted to decline from 30% in 2008 to 13% in 2009.UnemploymentUnemployment has worsened. At February 28, 2009, 66,700 workers (out of 45 cardinal workers) lost their jobs in 2008 with national unemployment rate of 4.65%. Thus, it is estimated that over 80,000 workers lost their jobs comprehensive in 2008. The latest forecast of Vietnam assiduity and Employment Agency estimates the figure to hit 400,000 nationwide in 2009. Job cuts are rising especially in big cities11 with industrial, processing and exporting partitions. The situation may worsen in 2009 with an unemployment rate of 5% and at a projected economic growth of 6.5%. High unemployment has already un essential domestic demand and consumers sentiment in Vietnam, which are bearish in recent months.3. Socio-Culture3.1 breedingViet Nams universe of discourse enjoys a relatively high standard of facts of lifeal activity. In fact, Confucian ethics has strongly inclined upon Vietnameses viewpoint of social values, and education has always been considered as one of the best values that a person should proclivity to achieve. Nowa years, education has been still considered as one of the most important issues that the country has to accept great attention. Recently, at the 11th Party Congress, the government is determined to develop a national education policy as one of the priorities of the country. As a result, the country has gained big success in education. Concretely, according to the 2009 Census results, at that place are precisely nearly four million people who give never attended direct (5.0% of the total population ancient 5 years and over) and as compared with the 1999 Census this number has decreased 5% (6.9 million people, account for 10.0% of population aged 5 and over). This shows the monumental progress of Vietnams education sector in minimizing the number of people who never go to school. The official figures also poin t out that the literacy rate for the population aged 15 years and over increased by 3.7% (from 90.3% in 1999 to 94.0% in 2009).The womanish literacy rate increased 4.9%, while the priapic person literacy rate increased 2.2%, signifi crumbtly tapering the literacy rate gap between men and women. Ha Noi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh metropolis are ternary provinces having the highest literacy rate (97.9%) while Lai Chau has the lowest (59.4%). This data shows that the literacy rate was not moreover increased quite speedily but also dribble successes of Vietnams gender impactity work in the education sector.13 Certainly, besides such successes, Vietnamese education transcription also has faced many challenges,including miserable infrastructure, lack of equipment and breeding materials, low wages precipitating an perspicacious shortage of skilled teachers and academic staff, a relatively poor linkage of higher education with research, production and employment, and some contrad ictions of the trunk. As the analysis of RFA, the situation of education in Viet Nam in 2011 had some notable points as followingthither were three positive points of the education in Vietnam in 2011. The first point is the plan of reducing the misdirect of textbooks from primary to secondary school of the Ministry of fostering and Training. The second is the plan of achieving universal preschool education for children of 5 years old. In this plan, the Ministry of Education will build public kindergartens for children at age 5 in the unsmooth subjects and the poor students will be assuage from tuition fees, with the plan of over 95% of children enroll in 2 sessions / day by 2015. And the third is the policy of genteelness and vocational training in poor areas such as the Highlands. On the contrary, on that point were also many crucially negative points of the education in 2011. First of all, there was the imbalance in enrollment in universities and colleges between students with practical needs. The sectors of social sciences, agri horticulture, forestry and fishery were registered by only 2.5% of exam registration records (while Vietnam has up to 70% of the population are farmers). And the sectors in demand such as business, tourism had to be encountered the difference between training and recruitment practices and this leads to the fact that graduates get difficulty to find job. Secondly, teachers salary does not meet their lifespan when inflation is high and this leads to some problems the teachers could not pore on their business as they had to find extra jobs, or to open extra classes. Thirdly, there has existed the problem of the degradation in social ethics of many students, due to lack of paying attention on humanity teaching, which groundwork be turn out by many cases of students affiliated violent guilty or crime.3.2 human race preferenceThe national average population in 2011 estimated 87.84 million, up by 1.04% compared to 2010, in cluding male population 43.47 million, (49.5%), and female population 44.37 million, (50.5%). urban population is 26.88 million,(30.6%) rural population is 60.96 million (69.4 %). According to the official report, the population structure by age in Vietnam is in a positive change. The population in the plant life age is 46,48 million, increased 0,12% compared to 2010. The ratio of workers in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries declined from 48.7% in 2010 to 48.0% in 2011 in industry and construction rose from 21.7% to 22.4% and in the services maintained at 29.6%. The unemployment rate in the working age was 2.27% in 2011, of which the urban areas account for 3.6%, the rural areas 1.71%. This is the period of the country with advantages in labor force, also known as the demographic windowpane period, which began in 2003 and may last from 30 to 50 years. This is considered as a big advantage for the industrialization and modernisation of the country, if it takes advantage of th e superiority Vietnamese on the labor force.3.3 Traffic Conditions And ProblemsHighway trunkThe road trunk consists of over 200,000 km net income including over 10,000 bridges. However road conditions are not ideal, less than half of the national causaways have a bun in the oven cardinal lanes or more. In addition, road congestion is change magnitude in study cities. In recent years, the Government has mobilized a signifi foundationtly bounteous amount of capital to upgrade the highway system with financial support from international lending agencies.RailwayThe rail network consists of about 2,600 km of single runway line covering several travel plans. There are about 260 stations in the network. The longest and most important route is the Hanoi Ho Chi Minh city line, which stretches for 1,730 km. This line is now serviced by an convey train, which makes the journey in approximately 29.5 hours. The lines connecting Vietnam to China were re-opened a few years ago.inland WaterwaysOften overlooked by foreign investors, the inland waterway system offers a cheap and flexible mode of point. Vietnam has more than 2,300 rivers and layaboutals with total length of 198.000 km. Currently, the inland waterway has a system of over 61,000 km. The two major inland waterway systems serve as major transportation outlets. The first major inland waterway system is inthe Red River area in the north which stretches for approximately 2,500 km. Along this system there are five main ports, of which Hanoi is the widest. The second major inland waterway extends 4,500 km along the Mekong River and its tributaries in the South and boasts about 30 ports, including Ho Chi Minh City. The larger river vessels are tug-drawn barges. decreed estimates put the fleet susceptibility at about 420,000 loads with speeds ranging from 2 to over 20 km an hour. Smaller, wooden barges are mostly privately owned.PortsVietnam has eleven major seaports. Ho Chi Minh City serves most of th e South and now boasts modern container lode facilities. Just a few hours drive from Hanoi, Hai Phong serves much of the North. Given the rapid rise in trade sight, increasing port capacity is a national anteriority.Airports and Civil AviationThere are three international aerodromes Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi and Da Nang. Currently, the Government has signifi supporttly upgraded international airports to handle the increase in the volume of traffic associated with Vietnams invigorated economy. A new international terminal of the Tan Son Nhat airport in Ho Chi Minh City, capable of handling up to 10 million passengers a year was opened in December 2007. Noi Bai airport in Hanoi was upgraded, enlarged and immaculate for operation in 2002, construction of a second terminal is yielded to start in October 2008 and completed in two years. Four new international airports are planned to be constructed in Phu Quoc, dong Nai, Lao Cai and Quang Ninh provinces. Preparations for the new Long Thanh International Airport, 40 kilometers from Ho Chi Minh City in Dong Nai province is underway. The airport is scheduled to open in 2010 and by 2015 it will be further spread out to reach an one-year transportation capacity of 80 to 100 million passengers, becoming one of the biggest airports in the region. In addition, there are 16 other domestic airports around the country.Culture and SocialVietnam is a country located in southeastward Asia, Vietnam is a culturally rich country whose distinct history played a role in the development of the modern day state. Vietnamese practices of Confucianism and showing idolise towards forerunners are evidence of Chinas historical figure out on Vietnamese hunting lodge. Vietnam became an independent state in the tenth part speed of light but was colonized by the French in the mid 1800s. Vietnam gained liberty in the mid twentieth century but still retains traces of French culture which are visible in the way people communicate commu nicatively and nonverbally. though Vietnam has struggled over the past century through colonial rule, the Vietnam war and recent economic upheavals, it is now rebuilding itself to be able to compete on a global scale. Having a comprehensive understanding of Vietnams unique cultural values and traditions can allow the company to develop strong and successful business relationships with Vietnamese counterparts. styleVietnamese is the official language, although there are distinct northern, central and southern dialects and trys. It is a tonal language, with each syllable there are six different tones that can be used, which change the definition and it often makes it difficult for foreigners to pick up the language. There are other languages mouth as wholesome such as Chinese, Khmer, Cham and other languages spoken by tribes inhabiting the mountainous regions. Although there are some similarities to Southeast Asian languages, such as Chinese, Vietnamese is thought to be a separate language group, although a member of the Austro-Asiatic language family. In scripted form, Vietnamese uses the Roman alphabet and accent marks to show tones. This system of piece of music called quoc ngu, was created by Catholic missionaries in the 17th century to translate the scriptures. eventually this system, particularly subsequently World War I, replaced one using Chinese characters (chu nom), which had been the loose written form used for centuries.Non-verbal conferenceFor certain touchings, Vietnamese people choose non-verbal converse. Vietnamese do not express feeling of thankfulness of apology in verbal communication, but non-verbal through lock away or a make a face. The proper venerating behavior is to avoid eye finish off when talking to person who is not equal status or of the corresponding gender. The grimace is another non-verbal symbol conveying the feeling of respect in Vietnamese culture. It is used as an expression of apology, or as expression of em barrassment. For the Vietnamese a smile is a proper response in most situation in which verbalexpression is not requirement, or appropriate.ConfucianismThe teachings of Confucius influence the Vietnamese describe the position of the individual in Vietnamese society. Confucian teachings strain the importance of relationships, responsibility and obligation. This philosophy is still a vital component of Vietnamese society and is prevalent in Vietnamese business culture in conserving the concurrence of the collective good. The prefatory tenets are based upon five different relationshipsRuler and subjectHusband and wifeParents and childrenBrothers and sistersFriendsHierarchyAs like other group-oriented societies, Vietnam stratified structures are very much based upon age and status. This derives from Confucianism, which emphasizes social order. Everyone is seen as having a distinct place and role within the hierarchical structure, be it the family or workplace. An obvious fashion m odel is seen in social situations where the oldest person in a group is greeted or served first. at heart the family the head would be responsible for make decisions and approving marriages. Therefore companies that want to invest in Vietnam are do mavin to give more authority to topical anaesthetic managers to control the subordinates. The organization structure can be designed as hierarchical, with power derived from prestige, force, and inheritance.CollectivismVietnam is a collectivist society in which the needs of the group are often placed over the individual. Family and society concerns will almost always come before business or individual needs. Family in particular plays an important role in Vietnamese society. You will throwaway that close ties between extended families and communities can have a major influence on individual behavior and oftentimes there are multiple generations living under one roof. For this reason, the company of the investor can pay more attent ion to their employees family members for example provide freemedical treatment, childcare leave, family trips, etc. This can increase the employees truth to the company. Besides, in order to increase efficiency of Vietnamese employees, the company should assign tasks to them by group rather than individual. pietismReligion in Vietnam is closely related to the history of Vietnam and most importantly the culture of Vietnam. The rather established faiths in Vietnam were Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism (called the triple religion). These religions have been co-existing in the country for centuries and multiform well with the Vietnamese tradition of ancestor worship. This special mix explains why the Vietnamese people find it hard to assign exactly which religion the belong to. They normally classify themselves as non- ghostly, despite visit religious temples several times every year. At the year 2006, the major religious affiliations amongst Vietnam born people were B uddhism (58.6%), Catholics (22.1%), other (4.6%), and no religion (11.03%). From the data, we were found that Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism have greatly affected the Vietnameses behavior. The foreign investors should take note there are quite a large number of vegetarian in Vietnam, because of the Buddhism religion. regimen of VietnameseFood is a very important part of Vietnamese culture. The Vietnamese not only enjoy eating but commit eating good food can bring harmony and closeness to the family and relationships. The types of foods are chosen to bring luck and these vary from province to province. Buying daily for fresh food is essential for all Vietnamese cooking. In general, Vietnamese people are not as concerned about nutrition as Westerner. They are more concerned with the quality of the foods.Concepts of Time alike most Asians, the Vietnamese have a more extended concept of time than that of most Americans. The agrarian nature of their tralatitious society focuses on s easons rather than days or weeks. And this tradition is reinforced by the Confucian tradition of respect for earlier generations. Americans measure time by the clock, Vietnamese by the monsoon. Although this is changing somewhat, Vietnamese can still be expected to take a longer view of time and be suspicious of the need for necessity in making decisionsor culminating a business deal. Patience remains the eventual(prenominal) Confucian virtue in in-personised life as well as in business.Personal RelationshipsIn Vietnam, correctitude and courtesy play a major role in personal relationships. Vietnamese are generally more interpersonally formal than are Americans. This formality decreases the uncertainty touch interpersonal contacts in Vietnamese society and is carried over into the business realm for the comparable reasons. During initial meetings with Vietnamese officials, you can expect little real business to be accomplished. The Vietnamese will concentrate on acquiring to k now youyour background, your expertise, your character. In their high-context communication culture, they will depend heavily on non-verbal clues to assess meaning. By becoming inform and establishing a personal relationship with you, they are merely trying to understand you better. Vietnamese society is comprised of an interconnected network of personal relationships, all of which carry obligations on both sides. These mutual obligations are the underpinnings of social order in Vietnam, so they are taken very seriously. Americans need to understand and be sensitive to the serious nature of what may seem to them to be casual business relations. Failure to do so could considerably result in a loss of trust or credibility, with obvious implications for longer-term relationships.4. technologyIn terms of technology, Viet Nam is a quickly developing country. The year 2011 was the beginning of the strategical plan of economic and social development, period 2011-2020, in which infrast ructural building is considered as one of main targets. With this plan, the country has been building many expressways and will let the local anaesthetic transport network be eventually upgraded to meet the requirements of rural industrialization and modernization, and connect itself with the national system. In addition, the above plan also includes a project which will work to narrow its scientific and technological gap with the world in some key fields by 2020. To launch this project, the Government will give top priority to enhancing the competence of scientists and related managers while encourage the organization of training courses partnered with foreign adequate partners.According to the project, the Government will focus on scientific and technological renovation to sharpen the competitive edge of local products and assisting businesses to purchase patents in some prioritized areas biotechnology, schooling technology, new materials technology Nano technology , manufact uring technology and automation.5. LegislationThe communist party-controlled government of Vietnam has control under four state constitutions. The first was promulgated in 1946, the second in 1959, the third in 1980, and the current in 1992 (amended in 2001). Significantly, each bore the mark of its time. On paper, all these constitutions seem to establish a solid democracy. In fact, the get of the 1946 constitution was essentially to provide the communist regime with freedom of speech, the press, and assembly. The second constitution was explicitly communist in character. Its preamble described the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a peoples elected state led by the working class, and the document provided for a nominal legal separation of powers among legislative, administrator, and judicial branches of government. The 1980 Constitution concentrates power in a newly established Council of State much like the Presidium of the exacting Soviet, endowing it nominally with both legislative and decision maker powers. Many functions of the legislature remain the same as under the 1959 document, but others have been transferred to the executive branch or assign to both branches concurrently. The executive branch appears modify overall, having gained a second major executive body, the Council of State, and the importance of the National Assembly appears to have been reduced accordingly. The role of the Council of Ministers, while be on paper to have been subordinated to the new Council of State, in practice retained its motive primacy.Having inherited the previous constitutions with substantial and underlying changes, on the one hand, the 1992 Constitution continues reaffirming the basic principles in the constitutional history of Vietnam. First, it reiterates the target of socialist construction in Vietnam and the common nature of the State. Second, the 1992 Constitution continues affirming the Communist Party of Vietnams leadership over the State and the society.Third, it continues affirming the mechanism of State powers performed by the people through the National Assembly and the the great unwasheds Councils, the organization and operation of the State under the principle of concentrated powers the ducking of State powers uniformly into the National Assembly with the division of responsibility among State bodies for the mould of the legislative power, executive power and judicial power. On the other hand, the 1992 Constitution sees big changes Vietnam decided to take economic renewal as the central task, First, building the multi-sector and multi-ownership market economy along the socialist orientation. open-door policy and international economic integration. In reality, however, final authority on all matters rest with the policy-making Bureau especially, the guarantees provided by the constitutions for freedom of speech, the press, and assembly has been never intended to be carried out. The constitutions eventually show i ts limitations since Vietnam has joined the stream of globalization, especially in the field of human rights and land-ownership law.In a report made public at the Conference on the Rule of law for human rights in the ASEAN region held by the Human Rights Resource Centre for ASEAN (HRRCA) in Jakarta, Indonesia on 30 April 2011, Mr. Vo Van Ai, President of Que Me Action for res publica in Vietnam and the Vietnam Committee for Human Rights called on Vietnam to imperatively reform its legal system and bring domestic legislation into line with international human rights laws. Mr. Vo Van Ai declared 36 years after the end of the Vietnam War, the rule of law exists only in theory in Vietnam. The government has incorporated human rights into its 1992 Constitution. Yet it has also adopted a whole armory of Laws, Decrees, Ordinances and Decisions which restrict or even empty the exercise of these rights, in total trespass of the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to which Vietnam adhered in 1982. At the beginning of the New Year 2012 (Jan 1, 2012), there happened The Tien Lang land insularity case in Tien Lang district (on the outskirts of Haiphong, a port city east of Hanoi) a fish farmer, Doan Van Vuong, and his family had resisted a large force moving in to visit an eviction order. With an improvised mine and muskets bought on the caustic market, theyd wounded two soldiers and four policemen, including the local police chief. PrimeMinister Nguyen Tan Dung himself had to meet the Haiphong City authorities to resolve the case and finally came to the conclusion on Feb 2 that the Haiphong government was absolutely wrong in the case and he ordered the Haiphong City authorities to review their wrong works as and repair the situation.This case is just one among so many cases that show matters association with the land law. And this shocked case has raised the question of reforming the land law, which has been equivocally claimed by the constitution as land is possessed by the whole people. Mr. Dang Hung Vo, former Deputy Minister of intrinsic Resources and Environment, comments that its possible to see the recent incident at Tien Lang as a climactic demonstration of the faults in our pop Law and how it is implemented at the local level. A good farmer, pure, simple and hardworking, whos driven to defend his right to his land with home-made weapons what misery Everybody believes that theres such a thing as referee and that the law ensures it. Certainly thats what the farmers who reinforced the fish ponds at Tien Lang believed. They went to the court expecting fair play, but the simple truths they understood proved elusive. The hopelessness of their situation drove them to take desperate measures. As mentioned above, the 11th Congress of Vietnam Communist Party held in 2011 issued four degrees and one of them is beginning the study of the amendments and supplements of the 1992 Constitution and establishing the revised draft of the 1992 Constitution. This is urgent and necessary for the development of the country.6. EnvironmentViet Nam is blessed by the nature, with a great ecological and hydrological diversity. The country is made up of equatorial lowlands, high, moderate plateaus and cooler mountainous areas. It lies in the inter-tropical zone and local conditions vary from frosty winters in the far northern hills to the year-round subequatorial fancy of the Mekong Delta. At sea level, the mean annual temperature is about 27C in the south, falling to about 21C in the far north. Geographically, it stretches over 1600km (1000mi) along the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula and has two main cultivated areas, that are the Red River Delta (15,000 sq km/5400 sq mi) in the northand the Mekong Delta (60,000 sq km/23,400 sq mi) in the south. Vietnam also has diverse wildlife, with rare and precious fauna such as elephants, rhinoceros, tiger, leopard, black bear, snub-nosed monkey, crocodile and turtle. F orest area accounts for 2% of total forests in East Asia and Pacific. weight catch is among the 10 highest countries in the world, with 1,451,800 tons per year.However, as the report of the World Bank on the environment in Viet Nam, fast economic growth in Vietnam over the last ten years, and its associated industrialization, urbanization, as well as increased exploitation of rude(a) resources, has created significant pressures for the environment.35 For example, the diverse wildlife is in precipitous decline because of the destruction of habitats, misappropriated hunting and pollution. In fact, Viet Nam Rhino was officially extinct in 2011.One of the most obvious examples for illustrating the environmental pollution is the phenomenon of getting narrowed of the lakes in Ha Noi. According to the Hanoi Construction Department, there are 111 ponds and lakes in Hanoi which cover a total area of 1165 hectares. The total area of lakes has decreased sharply during the urbanization, wh ile a lot of them have melded. It is estimated that 80% of the lakesides have got polluted, 71% of lakes have suffered from pollution, 26% of the lakes still do not have embankments, while 8% of lakes have partial embankments. Environmentalists have called on to take urgent actions to protect the remaining lakes, or they would also disappear one day. Vietnam is among the countries that can be seriously affected by climate change. And the fact shows that the increasing deterioration of environmental conditions is emerge as a barrier to growth and development in recent years. In fact, according to the General Statistics Office, domestic natural disasters occurred in 2011 has made 257 people utter and missing, 267 wounded nearly 1.2 thousand houses collapsed and move away 391.8 thousand houses were submerged or persecuted more than 760 km of dykes, and the 680 km road motorized traffic bursts, landslides 867 power poles broken or poured nearly 54,000 hectares of rice and vegetable s has been lost more than 330,000 hectares of rice crops were flood or damaged. Total value ofdamage caused by natural disasters in 2011 was estimated at over 10 trillion VND. Thus, this is sincerely a big challenge of the country and it needs a national and urgent action to prevent an ecological and hydrological catastrophe.C. shortened CONCLUSIONWith the aforementioned analysis of P.E.S.T.L.E, we see that in 2011, on the one hand, Viet Nam perpetually attempted to keep its strategic plan of development, and also has obtained some important goals on the other hand, the country had to face many difficulties and challenges which came both from outside and from inside.In my opinion, there are some main issues that the government should pay great attention in the coming years reforming the education system, engagement against corruption (especially, promoting fiscal transparency and the public availability of economic data and information), reforming the state-owned sectors, amend ing laws, constrictive the gap between the Kinh, the Hoa and the ethnic minority groups, and improving environmental conditions.